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This technique was first discussed by a Yale group in 1947.
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Measuring the extracellular fluid volume with crystalloid tracer Thus, bromine measurements of the ECF volume frequently over-estimate the ECF volume. Unfortunately, some bromine-82 also distributes into the cells. If you measure too soon, all you will get is the volume of the functional extracellular fluid. It takes time for tracer to enter the slow compartments of bone and connective tissue.
#Human body fluid compartments full
One should wait a full 24 hours before measuring anything. Bromine 82 had been discovered as a satisfactory ionic tracer for this method. The process was probably easier in Communist Russia. Measuring the extracellular fluid volume with ionic tracerīack in 1963, it was cool to i nject healthy volunteers with radioactive isotopes. They injected the tritium, waited some hours for it to equlibrate, Atomic EnergyĬommission, and their subjects were "volunteers" from the San Quentin state prison. Hilariously, when Prentice et al (1952) were researching the use of this dangerous radioactive isotope on human subjects, their work was sponsored by the Life Insurance Medical Research Fund and the U. Total body water measurement with radiolabelled tritium Most commonly used markers fail at least one of these ideal requirements, but this has not stopped anybody. Not prone to changing the distribution of fluid between compartments.Uniformly distributed in that compartment.Confined to the compartment of interest.That sounds easy in principle, but in reality it relies on the good behaviour of the marker substance, which would have to be: The key is to pick a marker substance that is distributed into the compartment of interest, administer a known amount of it, and then measure its volume of distribution. The broad term to describe most of the techniques used for the measurement of body fluid compartments would be "indicator dilution technique". The principle of measuring a fluid compartment There are few peer-reviewed articles to cover this material broadly as an overview all you end up finding are very specialised and specific articles describing an individual technique. Non-peer reviewed resources which must be mentioned include, and by extension the Kerry Brandis Anaesthetic Viva book (everyone should have one). Plasma volume: albumin tagged with Evans Blue, provided you adjust for a constant slow leak of albumin into the interstitial spaceĪs always with these fundamental concepts in physiology, the only place you ever find detailed explanations are the chapters of textbooks, and they don't always feel the need to expand on anything with detailed references.Extracellular fluid: bromine-82 or mannitol however 82Br also distributes into cells, and mannitol increases the extracellular fluid volume.
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Total body water: radioactive tritium or deuterium, which distributes into total body water.Several indicators for measuring body fluid compartments are noted in popular textbooks:.An ideal indicator is safe, not metabolized or rapidly excreted, confined to the compartment of interest and not prone to changing the distribution of fluid between compartments.Volume of the compartment = (dose of marker) / (concentration of marker) The volume of distribution of the indicator can then be calculated:.
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Following the equilibration of the indicator into the compartment of interest, the blood level of that indicator can be measured.Body water compartments are usually measured using indicator dilution techniques.